Ad Server
A platform that stores, selects, delivers and measures digital advertising creative across websites, apps or other channels.
The ad server is the system of record for what ran, where and how often, so it governs delivery against sold commitments, frequency limits and the impression counts used for billing and reporting.
A publisher books a 500,000-impression sponsorship in Google Ad Manager, sets a frequency cap of three per user per day, lets programmatic demand compete for remaining inventory and reconciles delivered impressions with the buyer's verification report.
Ad servers count impressions by their own rules, so publisher, advertiser and verification numbers often differ by several percent. They also depend on tags and consent signals that ad blockers, privacy settings and page latency can disrupt.
When a page or app requests an ad, the server evaluates eligible line items by priority, targeting, pacing, frequency caps and price, sometimes alongside programmatic bids, then returns a creative or a VAST response for video. It logs impressions, clicks and viewability events. Publisher ad servers manage inventory and yield; advertiser ad servers centralize creative trafficking and cross-site measurement.
Data Engineering, Systems Architecture
Google Ad Manager Help — Advertising with Ad Manager — https://support.google.com/admanager/answer/6022000; IAB Tech Lab — Digital Video Ad Serving Template (VAST) — https://iabtechlab.com/standards/vast/
